# Copyright (c) Sebastian Raschka under Apache License 2.0 (see LICENSE.txt).
# Source for "Build a Large Language Model From Scratch"
#   - https://www.manning.com/books/build-a-large-language-model-from-scratch
# Code: https://github.com/rasbt/LLMs-from-scratch
#
# This file collects all the relevant code that we covered thus far
# throughout Chapters 2-6.
# This file can be run as a standalone script.

import os
from pathlib import Path
import zipfile

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import requests
import tiktoken
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from torch.utils.data import Dataset, DataLoader


#####################################
# Chapter 2
#####################################


class GPTDatasetV1(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, txt, tokenizer, max_length, stride):
        self.input_ids = []
        self.target_ids = []

        # Tokenize the entire text
        token_ids = tokenizer.encode(txt, allowed_special={"<|endoftext|>"})

        # Use a sliding window to chunk the book into overlapping sequences of max_length
        for i in range(0, len(token_ids) - max_length, stride):
            input_chunk = token_ids[i:i + max_length]
            target_chunk = token_ids[i + 1: i + max_length + 1]
            self.input_ids.append(torch.tensor(input_chunk))
            self.target_ids.append(torch.tensor(target_chunk))

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.input_ids)

    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        return self.input_ids[idx], self.target_ids[idx]


def create_dataloader_v1(txt, batch_size=4, max_length=256,
                         stride=128, shuffle=True, drop_last=True):
    # Initialize the tokenizer
    tokenizer = tiktoken.get_encoding("gpt2")

    # Create dataset
    dataset = GPTDatasetV1(txt, tokenizer, max_length, stride)

    # Create dataloader
    dataloader = DataLoader(
        dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=shuffle, drop_last=drop_last)

    return dataloader


#####################################
# Chapter 3
#####################################
class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, d_in, d_out, context_length, dropout, num_heads, qkv_bias=False):
        super().__init__()
        assert d_out % num_heads == 0, "d_out must be divisible by n_heads"

        self.d_out = d_out
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        self.head_dim = d_out // num_heads  # Reduce the projection dim to match desired output dim

        self.W_query = nn.Linear(d_in, d_out, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.W_key = nn.Linear(d_in, d_out, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.W_value = nn.Linear(d_in, d_out, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.out_proj = nn.Linear(d_out, d_out)  # Linear layer to combine head outputs
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
        self.register_buffer("mask", torch.triu(torch.ones(context_length, context_length), diagonal=1))

    def forward(self, x):
        b, num_tokens, d_in = x.shape

        keys = self.W_key(x)  # Shape: (b, num_tokens, d_out)
        queries = self.W_query(x)
        values = self.W_value(x)

        # We implicitly split the matrix by adding a `num_heads` dimension
        # Unroll last dim: (b, num_tokens, d_out) -> (b, num_tokens, num_heads, head_dim)
        keys = keys.view(b, num_tokens, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
        values = values.view(b, num_tokens, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)
        queries = queries.view(b, num_tokens, self.num_heads, self.head_dim)

        # Transpose: (b, num_tokens, num_heads, head_dim) -> (b, num_heads, num_tokens, head_dim)
        keys = keys.transpose(1, 2)
        queries = queries.transpose(1, 2)
        values = values.transpose(1, 2)

        # Compute scaled dot-product attention (aka self-attention) with a causal mask
        attn_scores = queries @ keys.transpose(2, 3)  # Dot product for each head

        # Original mask truncated to the number of tokens and converted to boolean
        mask_bool = self.mask.bool()[:num_tokens, :num_tokens]

        # Use the mask to fill attention scores
        attn_scores.masked_fill_(mask_bool, -torch.inf)

        attn_weights = torch.softmax(attn_scores / keys.shape[-1]**0.5, dim=-1)
        attn_weights = self.dropout(attn_weights)

        # Shape: (b, num_tokens, num_heads, head_dim)
        context_vec = (attn_weights @ values).transpose(1, 2)

        # Combine heads, where self.d_out = self.num_heads * self.head_dim
        context_vec = context_vec.reshape(b, num_tokens, self.d_out)
        context_vec = self.out_proj(context_vec)  # optional projection

        return context_vec


#####################################
# Chapter 4
#####################################
class LayerNorm(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, emb_dim):
        super().__init__()
        self.eps = 1e-5
        self.scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(emb_dim))
        self.shift = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(emb_dim))

    def forward(self, x):
        mean = x.mean(dim=-1, keepdim=True)
        var = x.var(dim=-1, keepdim=True, unbiased=False)
        norm_x = (x - mean) / torch.sqrt(var + self.eps)
        return self.scale * norm_x + self.shift


class GELU(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

    def forward(self, x):
        return 0.5 * x * (1 + torch.tanh(
            torch.sqrt(torch.tensor(2.0 / torch.pi)) *
            (x + 0.044715 * torch.pow(x, 3))
        ))


class FeedForward(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, cfg):
        super().__init__()
        self.layers = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Linear(cfg["emb_dim"], 4 * cfg["emb_dim"]),
            GELU(),
            nn.Linear(4 * cfg["emb_dim"], cfg["emb_dim"]),
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.layers(x)


class TransformerBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, cfg):
        super().__init__()
        self.att = MultiHeadAttention(
            d_in=cfg["emb_dim"],
            d_out=cfg["emb_dim"],
            context_length=cfg["context_length"],
            num_heads=cfg["n_heads"],
            dropout=cfg["drop_rate"],
            qkv_bias=cfg["qkv_bias"])
        self.ff = FeedForward(cfg)
        self.norm1 = LayerNorm(cfg["emb_dim"])
        self.norm2 = LayerNorm(cfg["emb_dim"])
        self.drop_resid = nn.Dropout(cfg["drop_rate"])

    def forward(self, x):
        # Shortcut connection for attention block
        shortcut = x
        x = self.norm1(x)
        x = self.att(x)   # Shape [batch_size, num_tokens, emb_size]
        x = self.drop_resid(x)
        x = x + shortcut  # Add the original input back

        # Shortcut connection for feed-forward block
        shortcut = x
        x = self.norm2(x)
        x = self.ff(x)
        x = self.drop_resid(x)
        x = x + shortcut  # Add the original input back

        return x


class GPTModel(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, cfg):
        super().__init__()
        self.tok_emb = nn.Embedding(cfg["vocab_size"], cfg["emb_dim"])
        self.pos_emb = nn.Embedding(cfg["context_length"], cfg["emb_dim"])
        self.drop_emb = nn.Dropout(cfg["drop_rate"])

        self.trf_blocks = nn.Sequential(
            *[TransformerBlock(cfg) for _ in range(cfg["n_layers"])])

        self.final_norm = LayerNorm(cfg["emb_dim"])
        self.out_head = nn.Linear(cfg["emb_dim"], cfg["vocab_size"], bias=False)

    def forward(self, in_idx):
        batch_size, seq_len = in_idx.shape
        tok_embeds = self.tok_emb(in_idx)
        pos_embeds = self.pos_emb(torch.arange(seq_len, device=in_idx.device))
        x = tok_embeds + pos_embeds  # Shape [batch_size, num_tokens, emb_size]
        x = self.drop_emb(x)
        x = self.trf_blocks(x)
        x = self.final_norm(x)
        logits = self.out_head(x)
        return logits


def generate_text_simple(model, idx, max_new_tokens, context_size):
    # idx is (B, T) array of indices in the current context
    for _ in range(max_new_tokens):

        # Crop current context if it exceeds the supported context size
        # E.g., if LLM supports only 5 tokens, and the context size is 10
        # then only the last 5 tokens are used as context
        idx_cond = idx[:, -context_size:]

        # Get the predictions
        with torch.no_grad():
            logits = model(idx_cond)

        # Focus only on the last time step
        # (batch, n_token, vocab_size) becomes (batch, vocab_size)
        logits = logits[:, -1, :]

        # Get the idx of the vocab entry with the highest logits value
        idx_next = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1, keepdim=True)  # (batch, 1)

        # Append sampled index to the running sequence
        idx = torch.cat((idx, idx_next), dim=1)  # (batch, n_tokens+1)

    return idx


#####################################
# Chapter 5
#####################################
def assign(left, right):
    if left.shape != right.shape:
        raise ValueError(f"Shape mismatch. Left: {left.shape}, Right: {right.shape}")
    return torch.nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(right))


def load_weights_into_gpt(gpt, params):
    gpt.pos_emb.weight = assign(gpt.pos_emb.weight, params["wpe"])
    gpt.tok_emb.weight = assign(gpt.tok_emb.weight, params["wte"])

    for b in range(len(params["blocks"])):
        q_w, k_w, v_w = np.split(
            (params["blocks"][b]["attn"]["c_attn"])["w"], 3, axis=-1)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_query.weight = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_query.weight, q_w.T)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_key.weight = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_key.weight, k_w.T)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_value.weight = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_value.weight, v_w.T)

        q_b, k_b, v_b = np.split(
            (params["blocks"][b]["attn"]["c_attn"])["b"], 3, axis=-1)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_query.bias = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_query.bias, q_b)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_key.bias = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_key.bias, k_b)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_value.bias = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.W_value.bias, v_b)

        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.out_proj.weight = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.out_proj.weight,
            params["blocks"][b]["attn"]["c_proj"]["w"].T)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.out_proj.bias = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].att.out_proj.bias,
            params["blocks"][b]["attn"]["c_proj"]["b"])

        gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[0].weight = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[0].weight,
            params["blocks"][b]["mlp"]["c_fc"]["w"].T)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[0].bias = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[0].bias,
            params["blocks"][b]["mlp"]["c_fc"]["b"])
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[2].weight = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[2].weight,
            params["blocks"][b]["mlp"]["c_proj"]["w"].T)
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[2].bias = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].ff.layers[2].bias,
            params["blocks"][b]["mlp"]["c_proj"]["b"])

        gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm1.scale = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm1.scale,
            params["blocks"][b]["ln_1"]["g"])
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm1.shift = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm1.shift,
            params["blocks"][b]["ln_1"]["b"])
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm2.scale = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm2.scale,
            params["blocks"][b]["ln_2"]["g"])
        gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm2.shift = assign(
            gpt.trf_blocks[b].norm2.shift,
            params["blocks"][b]["ln_2"]["b"])

    gpt.final_norm.scale = assign(gpt.final_norm.scale, params["g"])
    gpt.final_norm.shift = assign(gpt.final_norm.shift, params["b"])
    gpt.out_head.weight = assign(gpt.out_head.weight, params["wte"])


def text_to_token_ids(text, tokenizer):
    encoded = tokenizer.encode(text, allowed_special={"<|endoftext|>"})
    encoded_tensor = torch.tensor(encoded).unsqueeze(0)  # add batch dimension
    return encoded_tensor


def token_ids_to_text(token_ids, tokenizer):
    flat = token_ids.squeeze(0)  # remove batch dimension
    return tokenizer.decode(flat.tolist())


def calc_loss_loader(data_loader, model, device, num_batches=None):
    total_loss = 0.
    if len(data_loader) == 0:
        return float("nan")
    elif num_batches is None:
        num_batches = len(data_loader)
    else:
        # Reduce the number of batches to match the total number of batches in the data loader
        # if num_batches exceeds the number of batches in the data loader
        num_batches = min(num_batches, len(data_loader))
    for i, (input_batch, target_batch) in enumerate(data_loader):
        if i < num_batches:
            loss = calc_loss_batch(input_batch, target_batch, model, device)
            total_loss += loss.item()
        else:
            break
    return total_loss / num_batches


def evaluate_model(model, train_loader, val_loader, device, eval_iter):
    model.eval()
    with torch.no_grad():
        train_loss = calc_loss_loader(train_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
        val_loss = calc_loss_loader(val_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
    model.train()
    return train_loss, val_loss


#####################################
# Chapter 6
#####################################


def download_and_unzip_spam_data(url, zip_path, extracted_path, data_file_path):
    if data_file_path.exists():
        print(f"{data_file_path} already exists. Skipping download and extraction.")
        return

    # Downloading the file
    response = requests.get(url, stream=True, timeout=60)
    response.raise_for_status()
    with open(zip_path, "wb") as out_file:
        for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
            if chunk:
                out_file.write(chunk)

    # Unzipping the file
    with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as zip_ref:
        zip_ref.extractall(extracted_path)

    # Add .tsv file extension
    original_file_path = Path(extracted_path) / "SMSSpamCollection"
    os.rename(original_file_path, data_file_path)
    print(f"File downloaded and saved as {data_file_path}")


def create_balanced_dataset(df):

    # Count the instances of "spam"
    num_spam = df[df["Label"] == "spam"].shape[0]

    # Randomly sample "ham' instances to match the number of 'spam' instances
    ham_subset = df[df["Label"] == "ham"].sample(num_spam, random_state=123)

    # Combine ham "subset" with "spam"
    balanced_df = pd.concat([ham_subset, df[df["Label"] == "spam"]])

    return balanced_df


def random_split(df, train_frac, validation_frac):
    # Shuffle the entire DataFrame
    df = df.sample(frac=1, random_state=123).reset_index(drop=True)

    # Calculate split indices
    train_end = int(len(df) * train_frac)
    validation_end = train_end + int(len(df) * validation_frac)

    # Split the DataFrame
    train_df = df[:train_end]
    validation_df = df[train_end:validation_end]
    test_df = df[validation_end:]

    return train_df, validation_df, test_df


class SpamDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, csv_file, tokenizer, max_length=None, pad_token_id=50256):
        self.data = pd.read_csv(csv_file)

        # Pre-tokenize texts
        self.encoded_texts = [
            tokenizer.encode(text) for text in self.data["Text"]
        ]

        if max_length is None:
            self.max_length = self._longest_encoded_length()
        else:
            self.max_length = max_length
            # Truncate sequences if they are longer than max_length
            self.encoded_texts = [
                encoded_text[:self.max_length]
                for encoded_text in self.encoded_texts
            ]

        # Pad sequences to the longest sequence
        self.encoded_texts = [
            encoded_text + [pad_token_id] * (self.max_length - len(encoded_text))
            for encoded_text in self.encoded_texts
        ]

    def __getitem__(self, index):
        encoded = self.encoded_texts[index]
        label = self.data.iloc[index]["Label"]
        return torch.tensor(encoded, dtype=torch.long), torch.tensor(label, dtype=torch.long)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data)

    def _longest_encoded_length(self):
        max_length = 0
        for encoded_text in self.encoded_texts:
            encoded_length = len(encoded_text)
            if encoded_length > max_length:
                max_length = encoded_length
        return max_length
        # Note: A more pythonic version to implement this method
        # is the following, which is also used in the next chapter:
        # return max(len(encoded_text) for encoded_text in self.encoded_texts)


@torch.no_grad()  # Disable gradient tracking for efficiency
def calc_accuracy_loader(data_loader, model, device, num_batches=None):
    model.eval()
    correct_predictions, num_examples = 0, 0

    if num_batches is None:
        num_batches = len(data_loader)
    else:
        num_batches = min(num_batches, len(data_loader))
    for i, (input_batch, target_batch) in enumerate(data_loader):
        if i < num_batches:
            input_batch, target_batch = input_batch.to(device), target_batch.to(device)
            logits = model(input_batch)[:, -1, :]  # Logits of last output token
            predicted_labels = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)

            num_examples += predicted_labels.shape[0]
            correct_predictions += (predicted_labels == target_batch).sum().item()
        else:
            break
    return correct_predictions / num_examples


def calc_loss_batch(input_batch, target_batch, model, device):
    input_batch, target_batch = input_batch.to(device), target_batch.to(device)
    logits = model(input_batch)[:, -1, :]  # Logits of last output token
    loss = torch.nn.functional.cross_entropy(logits, target_batch)
    return loss


# Overall the same as `train_model_simple` in chapter 5
def train_classifier_simple(model, train_loader, val_loader, optimizer, device, num_epochs,
                            eval_freq, eval_iter):
    # Initialize lists to track losses and tokens seen
    train_losses, val_losses, train_accs, val_accs = [], [], [], []
    examples_seen, global_step = 0, -1

    # Main training loop
    for epoch in range(num_epochs):
        model.train()  # Set model to training mode

        for input_batch, target_batch in train_loader:
            optimizer.zero_grad()  # Reset loss gradients from previous batch iteration
            loss = calc_loss_batch(input_batch, target_batch, model, device)
            loss.backward()  # Calculate loss gradients
            optimizer.step()  # Update model weights using loss gradients
            examples_seen += input_batch.shape[0]  # New: track examples instead of tokens
            global_step += 1

            # Optional evaluation step
            if global_step % eval_freq == 0:
                train_loss, val_loss = evaluate_model(
                    model, train_loader, val_loader, device, eval_iter)
                train_losses.append(train_loss)
                val_losses.append(val_loss)
                print(f"Ep {epoch+1} (Step {global_step:06d}): "
                      f"Train loss {train_loss:.3f}, Val loss {val_loss:.3f}")

        # Calculate accuracy after each epoch
        train_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(train_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
        val_accuracy = calc_accuracy_loader(val_loader, model, device, num_batches=eval_iter)
        print(f"Training accuracy: {train_accuracy*100:.2f}% | ", end="")
        print(f"Validation accuracy: {val_accuracy*100:.2f}%")
        train_accs.append(train_accuracy)
        val_accs.append(val_accuracy)

    return train_losses, val_losses, train_accs, val_accs, examples_seen


def plot_values(epochs_seen, examples_seen, train_values, val_values, label="loss"):
    fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(5, 3))

    # Plot training and validation loss against epochs
    ax1.plot(epochs_seen, train_values, label=f"Training {label}")
    ax1.plot(epochs_seen, val_values, linestyle="-.", label=f"Validation {label}")
    ax1.set_xlabel("Epochs")
    ax1.set_ylabel(label.capitalize())
    ax1.legend()

    # Create a second x-axis for tokens seen
    ax2 = ax1.twiny()  # Create a second x-axis that shares the same y-axis
    ax2.plot(examples_seen, train_values, alpha=0)  # Invisible plot for aligning ticks
    ax2.set_xlabel("Examples seen")

    fig.tight_layout()  # Adjust layout to make room
    plt.savefig(f"{label}-plot.pdf")
    plt.show()