# This code is part of Qiskit. # # (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2018. # # This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may # obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory # of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. # # Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this # copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating # that they have been altered from the originals. """ Module for the primary interface to the circuit drawers. This module contains the end user facing API for drawing quantum circuits. There are 3 available drawer backends: 0. ASCII art 1. LaTeX 2. Matplotlib This provides a single function entry point to drawing a circuit object with any of the backends. """ from __future__ import annotations import logging import os import shutil import subprocess import tempfile import typing from warnings import warn from qiskit import user_config from qiskit.circuit import ControlFlowOp, Measure from qiskit.utils import optionals as _optionals from ..exceptions import VisualizationError from ..utils import _trim as trim_image from . import _utils from . import latex as _latex from . import matplotlib as _matplotlib from . import text as _text if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from typing import Any from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit # pylint: disable=cyclic-import logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) def circuit_drawer( circuit: QuantumCircuit, scale: float | None = None, filename: str | None = None, style: dict | str | None = None, output: str | None = None, interactive: bool = False, plot_barriers: bool = True, reverse_bits: bool | None = None, justify: str | None = None, vertical_compression: str | None = "medium", idle_wires: bool | str | None = None, with_layout: bool = True, fold: int | None = None, # The type of ax is matplotlib.axes.Axes, but this is not a fixed dependency, so cannot be # safely forward-referenced. ax: Any | None = None, initial_state: bool = False, cregbundle: bool | None = None, wire_order: list[int] | None = None, expr_len: int = 30, measure_arrows: bool | None = None, ): r"""Draw the quantum circuit. Use the output parameter to choose the drawing format: **text**: ASCII art TextDrawing that can be printed in the console. **mpl**: images with color rendered purely in Python using matplotlib. **latex**: high-quality images compiled via latex. **latex_source**: raw uncompiled latex output. .. warning:: Support for :class:`~.expr.Expr` nodes in conditions and :attr:`.SwitchCaseOp.target` fields is preliminary and incomplete. The ``text`` and ``mpl`` drawers will make a best-effort attempt to show data dependencies, but the LaTeX-based drawers will skip these completely. Args: circuit: The circuit to visualize. scale: Scale of image to draw (shrink if ``< 1.0``). Only used by the ``mpl``, ``latex`` and ``latex_source`` outputs. Defaults to ``1.0``. filename: File path to save image to. Defaults to ``None`` (result not saved in a file). style: Style name, file name of style JSON file, or a dictionary specifying the style. * The supported style names are ``"iqp"`` (default), ``"iqp-dark"``, ``"clifford"``, ``"textbook"`` and ``"bw"``. * If given a JSON file, e.g. ``my_style.json`` or ``my_style`` (the ``.json`` extension may be omitted), this function attempts to load the style dictionary from that location. Note, that the JSON file must completely specify the visualization specifications. The file is searched for in ``qiskit/visualization/circuit/styles``, the current working directory, and the location specified in ``~/.qiskit/settings.conf``. * If a dictionary, every entry overrides the default configuration. If the ``"name"`` key is given, the default configuration is given by that style. For example, ``{"name": "textbook", "subfontsize": 5}`` loads the ``"texbook"`` style and sets the subfontsize (e.g. the gate angles) to ``5``. * If ``None`` the default style ``"iqp"`` is used or, if given, the default style specified in ``~/.qiskit/settings.conf``. output: Select the output method to use for drawing the circuit. Valid choices are ``text``, ``mpl``, ``latex``, ``latex_source``. By default, the ``text`` drawer is used unless the user config file (usually ``~/.qiskit/settings.conf``) has an alternative backend set as the default. For example, ``circuit_drawer = latex``. If the output kwarg is set, that backend will always be used over the default in the user config file. interactive: When set to ``True``, show the circuit in a new window (for ``mpl`` this depends on the matplotlib backend being used supporting this). Note when used with either the `text` or the ``latex_source`` output type this has no effect and will be silently ignored. Defaults to ``False``. reverse_bits: When set to ``True``, reverse the bit order inside registers for the output visualization. Defaults to ``False`` unless the user config file (usually ``~/.qiskit/settings.conf``) has an alternative value set. For example, ``circuit_reverse_bits = True``. plot_barriers: Enable/disable drawing barriers in the output circuit. Defaults to ``True``. justify: Options are ``"left"``, ``"right"`` or ``"none"`` (str). If anything else is supplied, left justified will be used instead. It refers to where gates should be placed in the output circuit if there is an option. ``none`` results in each gate being placed in its own column. Defaults to ``left``. vertical_compression: ``high``, ``medium`` or ``low``. It merges the lines generated by the `text` output so the drawing will take less vertical room. Default is ``medium``. Only used by the ``text`` output, will be silently ignored otherwise. idle_wires: Include (or not) idle wires (wires with no circuit elements) in output visualization. The string ``"auto"`` is also possible, in which case idle wires are show except that the circuit has a layout attached. Default is ``"auto"`` unless the user config file (usually ``~/.qiskit/settings.conf``) has an alternative value set. For example, ``circuit_idle_wires = False``. with_layout: Include layout information, with labels on the physical layout. Default is ``True``. fold: Sets pagination. It can be disabled using -1. In ``text``, sets the length of the lines. This is useful when the drawing does not fit in the console. If None (default), it will try to guess the console width using ``shutil.get_terminal_size()``. However, if running in jupyter, the default line length is set to 80 characters. In ``mpl``, it is the number of (visual) layers before folding. Default is 25. ax: Only used by the `mpl` backend. An optional ``matplotlib.axes.Axes`` object to be used for the visualization output. If none is specified, a new matplotlib Figure will be created and used. Additionally, if specified there will be no returned Figure since it is redundant. initial_state: Adds :math:`|0\rangle` in the beginning of the qubit wires and :math:`0` to classical wires. Default is ``False``. cregbundle: If set to ``True``, bundle classical registers. Default is ``True``, except for when ``output`` is set to ``"text"``. wire_order: A list of integers used to reorder the display of the bits. The list must have an entry for every bit with the bits in the range 0 to (``num_qubits`` + ``num_clbits``). expr_len: The number of characters to display if an :class:`~.expr.Expr` is used for the condition in a :class:`.ControlFlowOp`. If this number is exceeded, the string will be truncated at that number and '...' added to the end. measure_arrows: If True, draw an arrow from each measure box down the the classical bit or register where the measure value is placed. If False, do not draw arrow, but instead place the name of the bit or register in the measure box. Default is ``True`` unless the user config file (usually ``~/.qiskit/settings.conf``) has an alternative value set. For example, ``circuit_measure_arrows = False``. Returns: :class:`.TextDrawing` or :class:`matplotlib.figure` or :class:`PIL.Image` or :class:`str`: * ``TextDrawing`` (if ``output='text'``) A drawing that can be printed as ascii art. * ``matplotlib.figure.Figure`` (if ``output='mpl'``) A matplotlib figure object for the circuit diagram. * ``PIL.Image`` (if ``output='latex``') An in-memory representation of the image of the circuit diagram. * ``str`` (if ``output='latex_source'``) The LaTeX source code for visualizing the circuit diagram. Raises: VisualizationError: when an invalid output method is selected ImportError: when the output methods requires non-installed libraries. Example: .. plot:: :alt: Circuit diagram output by the previous code. :include-source: from qiskit import QuantumCircuit from qiskit.visualization import circuit_drawer qc = QuantumCircuit(1, 1) qc.h(0) qc.measure(0, 0) circuit_drawer(qc, output="mpl", style={"backgroundcolor": "#EEEEEE"}) """ image = None expr_len = max(expr_len, 0) config = user_config.get_config() # Get default from config file else use text default_output = "text" default_reverse_bits = False default_idle_wires = config.get("circuit_idle_wires", "auto") default_measure_arrows = config.get("circuit_measure_arrows", True) if config: default_output = config.get("circuit_drawer", "text") if default_output == "auto": if _optionals.HAS_MATPLOTLIB: default_output = "mpl" else: default_output = "text" if wire_order is None: default_reverse_bits = config.get("circuit_reverse_bits", False) if output is None: output = default_output if reverse_bits is None: reverse_bits = default_reverse_bits if idle_wires is None: idle_wires = default_idle_wires if isinstance(idle_wires, str): if idle_wires == "auto": idle_wires = hasattr(circuit, "_layout") and circuit._layout is None else: raise VisualizationError(f"Parameter idle_wires={idle_wires} unrecognized.") if measure_arrows is None: measure_arrows = default_measure_arrows if wire_order is not None and reverse_bits: raise VisualizationError( "The wire_order option cannot be set when the reverse_bits option is True." ) complete_wire_order = wire_order if wire_order is not None: wire_order_len = len(wire_order) total_wire_len = circuit.num_qubits + circuit.num_clbits if wire_order_len not in [circuit.num_qubits, total_wire_len]: raise VisualizationError( f"The wire_order list (length {wire_order_len}) should as long as " f"the number of qubits ({circuit.num_qubits}) or the " f"total numbers of qubits and classical bits {total_wire_len}." ) if len(set(wire_order)) != len(wire_order): raise VisualizationError("The wire_order list should not have repeated elements.") if wire_order_len == circuit.num_qubits: complete_wire_order = wire_order + list(range(circuit.num_qubits, total_wire_len)) if ( circuit.clbits and (reverse_bits or wire_order is not None) and not set(wire_order or []).issubset(set(range(circuit.num_qubits))) ): if cregbundle: warn( "cregbundle set to False since either reverse_bits or wire_order " "(over classical bit) has been set.", RuntimeWarning, 2, ) cregbundle = False def check_clbit_in_inst(circuit, cregbundle): if cregbundle is False: return False for inst in circuit.data: if isinstance(inst.operation, ControlFlowOp): for block in inst.operation.blocks: if check_clbit_in_inst(block, cregbundle) is False: return False elif inst.clbits and not isinstance(inst.operation, Measure): if cregbundle is not False: warn( "Cregbundle set to False since an instruction needs to refer" " to individual classical wire", RuntimeWarning, 3, ) return False return True cregbundle = check_clbit_in_inst(circuit, cregbundle) if output == "text": return _text_circuit_drawer( circuit, filename=filename, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, justify=justify, vertical_compression=vertical_compression, idle_wires=idle_wires, with_layout=with_layout, fold=fold, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, wire_order=complete_wire_order, expr_len=expr_len, measure_arrows=measure_arrows, ) elif output == "latex": image = _latex_circuit_drawer( circuit, filename=filename, scale=scale, style=style, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, with_layout=with_layout, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, wire_order=complete_wire_order, ) elif output == "latex_source": return _generate_latex_source( circuit, filename=filename, scale=scale, style=style, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, with_layout=with_layout, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, wire_order=complete_wire_order, ) elif output == "mpl": image = _matplotlib_circuit_drawer( circuit, scale=scale, filename=filename, style=style, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, with_layout=with_layout, fold=fold, ax=ax, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, wire_order=complete_wire_order, expr_len=expr_len, measure_arrows=measure_arrows, ) else: raise VisualizationError( f"Invalid output type {output} selected. The only valid choices " "are text, latex, latex_source, and mpl" ) if image and interactive: image.show() return image # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # _text_circuit_drawer # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- def _text_circuit_drawer( circuit, filename=None, reverse_bits=False, plot_barriers=True, justify=None, vertical_compression="high", idle_wires=True, with_layout=True, fold=None, initial_state=True, cregbundle=None, encoding=None, wire_order=None, expr_len=30, measure_arrows=True, ): """Draws a circuit using ascii art. Args: circuit (QuantumCircuit): Input circuit filename (str): Optional filename to write the result reverse_bits (bool): Rearrange the bits in reverse order. plot_barriers (bool): Draws the barriers when they are there. justify (str) : `left`, `right` or `none`. Defaults to `left`. Says how the circuit should be justified. vertical_compression (string): `high`, `medium`, or `low`. It merges the lines so the drawing will take less vertical room. Default is `high`. idle_wires (bool): Include idle wires. Default is True. with_layout (bool): Include layout information with labels on the physical layout. Default: True fold (int): Optional. Breaks the circuit drawing to this length. This is useful when the drawing does not fit in the console. If None (default), it will try to guess the console width using `shutil.get_terminal_size()`. If you don't want pagination at all, set `fold=-1`. initial_state (bool): Optional. Adds |0> in the beginning of the line. Default: `False`. cregbundle (bool): Optional. If set True, bundle classical registers. Default: ``True``. encoding (str): Optional. Sets the encoding preference of the output. Default: ``sys.stdout.encoding``. wire_order (list): Optional. A list of integers used to reorder the display of the bits. The list must have an entry for every bit with the bits in the range 0 to (num_qubits + num_clbits). expr_len (int): Optional. The number of characters to display if an :class:`~.expr.Expr` is used for the condition in a :class:`.ControlFlowOp`. If this number is exceeded, the string will be truncated at that number and '...' added to the end. measure_arrows: If True, draw an arrow from each measure box down the the classical bit or register where the measure value is placed. If False, do not draw arrow, but instead place the name of the bit or register in the measure box. Returns: TextDrawing: An instance that, when printed, draws the circuit in ascii art. Raises: VisualizationError: When the filename extension is not .txt. """ qubits, clbits, nodes = _utils._get_layered_instructions( circuit, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, wire_order=wire_order, measure_arrows=measure_arrows, ) text_drawing = _text.TextDrawing( qubits, clbits, nodes, circuit, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, encoding=encoding, with_layout=with_layout, expr_len=expr_len, measure_arrows=measure_arrows, ) text_drawing.plotbarriers = plot_barriers text_drawing.line_length = fold text_drawing.vertical_compression = vertical_compression if filename: text_drawing.dump(filename, encoding=encoding) return text_drawing # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # latex_circuit_drawer # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- @_optionals.HAS_PDFLATEX.require_in_call("LaTeX circuit drawing") @_optionals.HAS_PDFTOCAIRO.require_in_call("LaTeX circuit drawing") @_optionals.HAS_PIL.require_in_call("LaTeX circuit drawing") def _latex_circuit_drawer( circuit, scale=0.7, style=None, filename=None, plot_barriers=True, reverse_bits=False, justify=None, idle_wires=True, with_layout=True, initial_state=False, cregbundle=None, wire_order=None, ): """Draw a quantum circuit based on latex (Qcircuit package) Requires version >=2.6.0 of the qcircuit LaTeX package. Args: circuit (QuantumCircuit): a quantum circuit scale (float): scaling factor style (dict or str): dictionary of style or file name of style file filename (str): file path to save image to reverse_bits (bool): When set to True reverse the bit order inside registers for the output visualization. plot_barriers (bool): Enable/disable drawing barriers in the output circuit. Defaults to True. justify (str) : `left`, `right` or `none`. Defaults to `left`. Says how the circuit should be justified. idle_wires (bool): Include idle wires. Default is True. with_layout (bool): Include layout information, with labels on the physical layout. Default: True initial_state (bool): Optional. Adds |0> in the beginning of the line. Default: `False`. cregbundle (bool): Optional. If set True, bundle classical registers. On by default, if this is possible for the given circuit, otherwise off. wire_order (list): Optional. A list of integers used to reorder the display of the bits. The list must have an entry for every bit with the bits in the range 0 to (num_qubits + num_clbits). Returns: PIL.Image: an in-memory representation of the circuit diagram Raises: MissingOptionalLibraryError: if pillow, pdflatex, or poppler are not installed VisualizationError: if one of the conversion utilities failed for some internal or file-access reason. """ from PIL import Image tmpfilename = "circuit" with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname: tmppath = os.path.join(tmpdirname, tmpfilename + ".tex") _generate_latex_source( circuit, filename=tmppath, scale=scale, style=style, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, with_layout=with_layout, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, wire_order=wire_order, ) try: subprocess.run( [ "pdflatex", "-halt-on-error", f"-output-directory={tmpdirname}", f"{tmpfilename + '.tex'}", ], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, check=True, ) except OSError as exc: # OSError should generally not occur, because it's usually only triggered if `pdflatex` # doesn't exist as a command, but we've already checked that. raise VisualizationError("`pdflatex` command could not be run.") from exc except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc: with open("latex_error.log", "wb") as error_file: error_file.write(exc.stdout) logger.warning( "Unable to compile LaTeX. Perhaps you are missing the `qcircuit` package." " The output from the `pdflatex` command is in `latex_error.log`." ) raise VisualizationError( "`pdflatex` call did not succeed: see `latex_error.log`." ) from exc base = os.path.join(tmpdirname, tmpfilename) try: subprocess.run( ["pdftocairo", "-singlefile", "-png", "-q", base + ".pdf", base], check=True, ) except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError) as exc: message = "`pdftocairo` failed to produce an image." logger.warning(message) raise VisualizationError(message) from exc image = Image.open(base + ".png") image = trim_image(image) if filename: if filename.endswith(".pdf"): shutil.move(base + ".pdf", filename) else: try: image.save(filename) except (ValueError, OSError) as exc: raise VisualizationError( f"Pillow could not write the image file '{filename}'." ) from exc return image def _generate_latex_source( circuit, filename=None, scale=0.7, style=None, reverse_bits=False, plot_barriers=True, justify=None, idle_wires=True, with_layout=True, initial_state=False, cregbundle=None, wire_order=None, ): """Convert QuantumCircuit to LaTeX string. Args: circuit (QuantumCircuit): a quantum circuit scale (float): scaling factor style (dict or str): dictionary of style or file name of style file filename (str): optional filename to write latex reverse_bits (bool): When set to True reverse the bit order inside registers for the output visualization. plot_barriers (bool): Enable/disable drawing barriers in the output circuit. Defaults to True. justify (str) : `left`, `right` or `none`. Defaults to `left`. Says how the circuit should be justified. idle_wires (bool): Include idle wires. Default is True. with_layout (bool): Include layout information, with labels on the physical layout. Default: True initial_state (bool): Optional. Adds |0> in the beginning of the line. Default: `False`. cregbundle (bool): Optional. If set True, bundle classical registers. wire_order (list): Optional. A list of integers used to reorder the display of the bits. The list must have an entry for every bit with the bits in the range 0 to (num_qubits + num_clbits). Returns: str: Latex string appropriate for writing to file. """ qubits, clbits, nodes = _utils._get_layered_instructions( circuit, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, wire_order=wire_order, ) qcimg = _latex.QCircuitImage( qubits, clbits, nodes, scale, style=style, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, with_layout=with_layout, circuit=circuit, ) latex = qcimg.latex() if filename: with open(filename, "w") as latex_file: latex_file.write(latex) return latex # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # matplotlib_circuit_drawer # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- def _matplotlib_circuit_drawer( circuit, scale=None, filename=None, style=None, plot_barriers=True, reverse_bits=False, justify=None, idle_wires=True, with_layout=True, fold=None, ax=None, initial_state=False, cregbundle=None, wire_order=None, expr_len=30, measure_arrows=None, ): """Draw a quantum circuit based on matplotlib. If `%matplotlib inline` is invoked in a Jupyter notebook, it visualizes a circuit inline. We recommend `%config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'` for the inline visualization. Args: circuit (QuantumCircuit): a quantum circuit scale (float): scaling factor filename (str): file path to save image to style (dict or str): dictionary of style or file name of style file reverse_bits (bool): When set to True, reverse the bit order inside registers for the output visualization. plot_barriers (bool): Enable/disable drawing barriers in the output circuit. Defaults to True. justify (str): `left`, `right` or `none`. Defaults to `left`. Says how the circuit should be justified. idle_wires (bool): Include idle wires. Default is True. with_layout (bool): Include layout information, with labels on the physical layout. Default: True. fold (int): Number of vertical layers allowed before folding. Default is 25. ax (matplotlib.axes.Axes): An optional Axes object to be used for the visualization output. If none is specified, a new matplotlib Figure will be created and used. Additionally, if specified there will be no returned Figure since it is redundant. initial_state (bool): Optional. Adds |0> in the beginning of the line. Default: `False`. cregbundle (bool): Optional. If set True bundle classical registers. Default: ``True``. wire_order (list): Optional. A list of integers used to reorder the display of the bits. The list must have an entry for every bit with the bits in the range 0 to (num_qubits + num_clbits). expr_len (int): Optional. The number of characters to display if an :class:`~.expr.Expr` is used for the condition in a :class:`.ControlFlowOp`. If this number is exceeded, the string will be truncated at that number and '...' added to the end. measure_arrows: If True, draw an arrow from each measure box down the the classical bit or register where the measure value is placed. If False, do not draw arrow, but instead place the name of the bit or register in the measure box. Returns: matplotlib.figure: a matplotlib figure object for the circuit diagram if the ``ax`` kwarg is not set. """ qubits, clbits, nodes = _utils._get_layered_instructions( circuit, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, justify=justify, idle_wires=idle_wires, wire_order=wire_order, measure_arrows=measure_arrows, ) if fold is None: fold = 25 qcd = _matplotlib.MatplotlibDrawer( qubits, clbits, nodes, circuit, scale=scale, style=style, reverse_bits=reverse_bits, plot_barriers=plot_barriers, fold=fold, ax=ax, initial_state=initial_state, cregbundle=cregbundle, with_layout=with_layout, expr_len=expr_len, measure_arrows=measure_arrows, ) return qcd.draw(filename)